Berger Home

Syllabus

 Periods 1 & 2 Period 3 Periods 4 & 5 Grades Links RBV Home E-mail

 

English 12

Periods 4 & 5

                                                                                                                                                              

Assignments on future dates are subject to change.

 

 

Date Assignments & Activities
6/16/10 Happy Graduation!  Ceremony begins at 6pm. 
6/15/10 Graduation Practice:  12:00-2:00 p.m.
6/14/10 Cap/Gowns & Tickets Pick Up:  9:30-11:00 a.m.
 Last Week of School!
6/11/10 Senior Picnic:  11 to 1. 
6/10/10 Senior Finals Period 6. 
6/9/10 Senior Finals Period 5.
6/8, /10 Senior Finals Periods 2 & 4. 
6/7/10 Senior Finals Periods 1 & 3.
Senior Finals week!
6/4/10 Existentialism short story.
6/3/10 Magical Realism short story.
6/1, 2/10 Magical Realism short story.
No School Monday, May 31.  Memorial Day.
5/28/10 Magical Realism short story.
5/27/10 Catcher in the Rye Socratic Seminar.
5/25, 26/10 Catcher in the Rye Socratic Seminar.
5/24/10 Catcher in the Rye objective test.
Four more weeks to graduation! 
5/21/10 Finish Catcher in the Rye presentations.  
5/20/10 Begin Catcher in the Rye Presentations.
5/18, 19/10 You must be finished reading the novel Catcher in the Rye today.  Instructions & example for Catcher in the Rye group presentations.  Create Socratic seminar questions.
5/17/10 Essay is due today.  Catcher in the Rye presentation instructions and example.  
Five more weeks to Graduation!
5/14/10 Periods 1, 3, 5 Timed writing.  SSR in Catcher in the Rye.  SSR in Catcher in the Rye when finished.  
5/13/10 Periods 2, 4, 6
5/12/10 SSR in Catcher in the Rye.  Continue censorship articles.
5/11/10 SSR in Catcher in the Rye.  Hand out essay prompt and rubric for this coming block day writing assignment.
5/10/10 SSR in Catcher in the Rye.  Read "Big Mother is Watching."  
Monday is a regular 8:30 start day.  Tuesday & Wednesday are period 1-6 days.  
5/7/10 SSR in Catcher in the Rye.  Read "Spying on the Text Generation."  
5/6/10 Periods 2, 4, 6 SSR in Catcher in the Rye.  Fish Bowl Socratic Seminar: Internet/Technology/Communication censorship issues.
5/5/10 Periods 1, 3, 5
5/4/10 Periods 2, 4, 6 Read news article about South Africa today.  Prep School Internet Activity.  Prep School Handout.  Introduction to Catcher in the Rye.  Read Chapter 1 of the novel.    Catcher in The Rye IDs 
5/3/10 Periods 1, 3, 5
No late start on Monday.  School begins at 7:30 every day this week.  Friday is a regular 1-6 day.
4/30/10 Periods 1, 3, 5 Journal #3.  Finish reading Act II of "My Children, My Africa!"  Socratic Seminar.  Journal #4. 
4/29/10 Periods 2, 4. 6 
4/28/10 Periods 1 - 6 Journal #2.  "My Children, My Africa!" Finish Act I.  Read Act II scene 1.
4/27/10 Periods 1 - 6 Journal #1.  Continue reading the play "My Children, My Africa!" Act I.
4/26/10 Periods 2, 4, 6 Read "Mandela's Call."  Read, listen, and analyze the song/poem "Silver & Gold."  Introduce and begin reading "My Children, My Africa!" Act I. 
Regular bell schedule this week.
4/23/10 Periods 1, 3, 5 Read "Mandela's Call."  Read, listen, and analyze the song/poem "Silver & Gold."  Introduce and begin reading "My Children, My Africa!"
4/22/10 Periods 2, 4, 6 Finish the film Cry Freedom.  
4/21/10 Periods 1, 3, 5
4/20/10 Periods 1-6 Continue the film Cry Freedom.  
4/19/10 Begin viewing the film Cry Freedom.
Special schedule due to the CSTs the next two weeks.
4/16/10 Slam poems are due.  
4/15/10 Read and analyze Arthur Jarvis' letters from Cry the Beloved Country.  
4/13, 14/10 Watch the film version of the novel Cry the Beloved Country.  Write on the film journal prompt afterwards.
4/12/10 South African unit overview and Cry the Beloved Country introduction.
 Spring Break!  No School March 29 to April 9!
3/26/10 Last day to turn in rhetorical analysis essay.  Work on slam poems.
3/25/10 Turn in rhetorical analysis essay today for 5 bonus points.   More slam poem examples.  Work on slam poems.
3/23, 24/10 Peer editing of the two rhetorical analysis essays.  Choose your best essay: revise, type and turn it in Thursday or Friday.  More examples of slam poetry.  First poetry assignment, brainstorming and journaling.
3/22/10 Write second rhetorical analysis essay.
One More Week till Spring Break!
3/19/10 Poetry: elements of poetry and slam poetry videos and discussion.
3/18/10 Finish first rhetorical analysis essay.
3/16, 17/10 Review rubric, instructions, and sample essay for the rhetorical analysis essay.  Begin first essay.
3/15/10 Read and informally discuss second two articles for rhetorical analysis essay.
Two More Weeks till Spring Break!
3/12/10 Brave New World Journals #1-11 are due today.   Read and informally discuss first two articles for essay.
3/11/10 Brave New World objective test.  Hand out rhetorical analysis essay instructions and 4 articles.
3/9, 10/10 Brave New World Journal 14: A novel may have a few different universal messages in it.  Decide what you believe is the most important theme of the novel Brave New World.  Write a paragraph explaining your response.  Support it with examples from the novel and how it connects to life.  Pass back quotes and notes.  Discuss grades.  Review past journal topics.  Brave New World Socratic Seminar.
3/8/10 Finish discussion of "Legal or Medicinal."  Evaluation of arguments.
Happy March!
3/5/10 Brave New World Journal 13:  We all have things that bother, anger, or disturb us.  What bothers you?  Angers you?  Disturbs you?  What do you find offensive.  How would the citizens of the Brave New World react to the things that bother you?  Quotes and Notes from  chapters 18 due today.  Read and analyze "Legal or Medicinal."  Outline and evaluate arguments.
3/4/10

Brave New World Journal 12:  Describe an experience or moment where you felt out of your element, or completely out of place.  Where were you?  Why were you there?  Who were you with?  How did the experience make you feel?  Uncomfortable or unique?  Quotes and Notes from  chapters 17 due today.  Read and analyze "Legal or Medicinal."  Outline and evaluate arguments.  Read Brave New World chapter 18 and do Quotes and Notes due Friday.
3/2, 3/10 SSR in Brave New World.  Discuss types of Fallacies in arguments.  Quotes and Notes from  chapter 15-16 due today.  Read Brave New World chapters 17 and do Quotes and Notes due Thursday.
3/1/10 SSR in Brave New World.  Quotes and Notes from  chapters 12-14 due today.  Read Brave New World chapters 15-16 and do Quotes and Notes due block day.

WASC is Over!

2/26/10 Review chapters 6-11 of the novel.  Quotes and Notes from  chapter 10-11 due today.  Read Brave New World chapter 12-14  and do Quotes and Notes due Monday.  
2/25/10 Review chapters 1-5 of the novel.  Quotes and Notes from  chapters 8-9 due today.  Read Brave New World chapter 10-11  and do Quotes and Notes due Friday.
2/23, 24/10 Brave New World Journal 11-:  The society in Brave New World is focused on always keeping busy.  One way they do is through games and sports.  Think of the video games we have today.  Write about your experience with video games.  Is there a specific one you enjoy playing, or explain why video games do not appeal to you.  How would you rather spend your time? Quotes and Notes from  chapter 7 due today.   Read and analyze 2 articles on video games.  Focus on argument.   Read Brave New World chapters 8-9 and do Quotes and Notes due Thursday.
2/22/10 Short story version of Shakespeare's The Tempest. Discuss "Allusion."  Quotes and Notes from  chapter 6 part 2 & 3 due today.  Review practice grammar placement test #45-50.  Read Brave New World chapter 7 and do Quotes and Notes due block day.
Happy President's Day!
2/19/10 Quotes and Notes from  chapter 6 part 1 due today.  Review practice grammar placement test #39-44.  Read and analyze "Have you seen the videos TV shows your children?"   Read Brave New World chapter 6 part 2 & 3 and do Quotes and Notes due Monday.
2/18/10 Quotes & Notes from chapter 5 due today.  "TV to Teens" summary is due today.  Review practice grammar test #32-38.  Read and analyze "Have you seen the videos TV shows your children?"  Read Brave New World chapter 6 part 1 and do Quotes and Notes due Friday.
2/16, 17/10 Do practice grammar placement test #'s 21-32.  Finish analysis of "TV to Teens" and focus on author's purpose:  Group and class discussion.  Write  summary paragraph of "TV to Teens."  Read Brave New World chapter 5 and do Quotes and Notes for Thursday. 
No School 2/12 and 16!
2/11/10 Brave New World Journal 10:  The society in Brave New World is focused on entertainment.  Going to the "feelies" or movies is an activity they do a lot, probably how many of us watch television habitually.  Write about one or two of your favorite television shows you are or have been addicted to.  what makes the show appealing?   Begin reading and analyzing "TV to Teens."
2/9, 10/10 Brave New World Journal 9:  Describe a fun date you might go on with someone.  Where would you go?  What would you do?  (Keep it clean!)  Review #8-20 of the practice grammar placement test.  Group/Class discussion Quotes & Notes for chapter 3 of Brave New World.  Read chapter 4 and do Quotes and Notes for Thursday. 
2/8/10 Finish reading Brave New World chapter 3.  Finish practice grammar placement test, 8-20.
Happy February! 
2/5/10 Brave New World Journal 8:  Write about a time you felt inferior to someone.  What made that person "above" you?  Then, write about a time you felt superior to someone.  What made you "better" than the other person?  Review glossary of usage.  Continue reading Chapter 3.  Begin practice grammar placement test, 1-7/
2/4/10 Brave New World Journal 7:  The D.H.C. states “…and that is the secret of happiness and virtue-liking what you’ve got to do.  All conditioning aims at that:  making people like their inescapable social destiny.”  What is true happiness?  Do you agree with this statement?  Is true happiness liking your occupation?    Do we “socially predestine” people in our society today?  Finish group quotes & notes activity.    Begin reading Brave New World chapter 3.  Glossary of usage review unit due Friday.
2/2, 3/10 Brave New World Journal 6:  Describe or narrate your earliest childhood memory.  Review Finish Reading Brave New World Chapter 1.  Glossary of Usage lesson 71 & review.  Begin working on practice college grammar test #1-7.  Read Brave New World chapter 2.  Quotes & Notes Instructions.  Quotes & Notes Examples.  Quotes & Notes group activity.
2/1/10 Brave New World Journal 5: Describe an experience in a science class that you found memorable or interesting.  Maybe it was a lab, a lesson, a chapter you read, a film, or a lecture. What did you learn?  Continue reading Brave New World chapter 1.  Review Lesson 71.
Happy February! 
1/29/10 Brave New World Journal 4:  Describe a school fieldtrip.  Where did you go?  What did you learn?  Review Lessons 69 & 70.  Continue reading chapter 1.  Lesson 71 due Monday 2/1.  Begin reading chapter 1 of Brave New World. 
1/28/10 Brave new World Journal 3:  The world is filled with problems:  personal, social, political.  How do individuals and societies (positively and negatively) attempt to deal with or cope with the following issues? Write a 1-3 sentence responses for each:  depression, family conflict, unwanted pregnancy, racism and religious intolerance, overfilled landfills, shortage of energy and resources, unemployment and poverty, and crime.   Finish analysis of "Bringing Up Blackberry."  For homework, write a paragraph summary of the article.  It must include the context (author, title, type of writing, the purpose, the claim.)  Summarize the content along with the primary rhetorical devices and strategies used.  What is the tone, who is the audience, and what is the purpose.  Click here if you need to use the summary of informational text chart as a model.  Your paragraph should beat least 8 sentences.  Huxley and Brave New World introduction. 
1/26, 27/10

Brave New World Journal 2:  According to the article “Hooded Up or Just Hooked”, the writer states that “cell phones and computers have become essential to the average American teenager’s social life.”  Reflect on your own technology usage.  How dependant are you on technology like cell phones & computers?  What do you use them for?  How much time do you spend using them?  What would a day without them be like?  Review Usage Lessons 67 & 68.  Usage Lessons 69 & 70 due Friday.  Review Rhetoric:  Click here for power point notes, click here for required handout.  Read "Bringing Up Blackberry"  Check out the novel Brave New World from the text book room.  You must have the novel in class everyday starting tomorrow.  
1/25/10 Read "Hooked up or just Hooked."  Usage Lessons 67 & 68 due block day.  Brave New World Journal 1: How do advancements in science and technology hold promises and dangers for the future?  List 1 or 2 advancements in science and technology that have occurred in the last 10 to 20 years.  Discuss the benefits and/or negatives of it in today’s world.
Semester II Begins! 
1/22/10 Finals periods 5 & 6.  English 12 District Benchmark. 
1/21/10 Finals periods 3 & 4.  English 12 District Benchmark. 
1/20/10 Finals periods 1 & 2.  
1/19/10 No school, Junior Exhibition.  
Finals Week! 
1/15/10 NO SCHOOL!
1/14/10 Poetry:  Kubla Kahn.  Pronoun agreement.  
1/12, 13/10 Poetry:  Ozymandias & Kubla Kahn.  Pronoun agreement.
1/11/10 Poetry:  Ozymandias.  Pronoun agreement.
Happy January! 
1/8/10 Hamlet Act VI close reading.  Misplaced modifiers.  
1/7/10 Hamlet Act VI close reading.  Misplaced modifiers.
1/5, 6/10 Hamlet Socratic Seminar.  
1/4/10 Instructions for Socratic Seminar.
Happy New Year! 
12/18/09 This week we finished reading and viewing Hamlet, Acts IV & V.  Groups worked on study guide questions.  We finished the subject/verb agreement lessons and took a subject/verb agreement quiz.  Study guide questions can be downloaded from the links section. 
12/17/09
12/15, 16/09
12/14/09
 Winter Break 12/19 - 1/3.
12/11/09 Continue Subject/Verb agreement lessons. 
12/10/09 Continue Subject/Verb agreement lessons.  Close Reading Act III, scene 1.
12/8, 9/09 Continue Subject/Verb agreement lessons.  Read & watch Hamlet Act III.  Act III Study Guide.  
12/7/09  Read Hamlet, Act III, scene 1.  
Backwards block days this week. 
12/4/09 Finish Hamlet Act II discussion.  Begin Subject/Verb agreement lessons.
12/3/09 Close Reading Act II, scene 2.
12/1, 2/09 Read and watch Hamlet Act II.  Act II Study Guide.  
11/30/09 Review Hamlet Act I, Mel Gibson version.  Review Act I study guide.
No School 11/23 - 11/27.
11/20/09 Rephrase Hamlet's first soliloquy into your own words.  
11/19/09 Close reading of Hamlet's first soliloquy, Act I, scene 2. 
11/17, 18/09 Journal:  Write about an inside story or joke you share with a brother, sister, or friend.  Read and watch Hamlet Act I, scenes 3-5.  Complete study guide for Act I.  distribute and begin subject/verb agreement lesson. 
11/16/09 Review Hamlet Act I, scene 1.  Read and watch Act I, scene 2.
Thanksgiving is Coming!
11/13/09 Read and watch Hamlet Act I, scene 1. 
11/12/09 Same plan as 11/10.
11/11/09 No School!
11/10/09 Rhetorical analysis timed writing.  Introduce the play Hamlet.  Famous lines activity.
11/9/09 Instructions and examples for rhetorical analysis assessment. 
No School Wednesday, November 11!
11/6/09 Passages 6-7 for Socratic seminar.
11/5/09 Passages 4-5 for Socratic seminar.
11/3, 4/09 Much Ado About Nothing.
11/2/09 Introduce Much Ado About Nothing.
Happy November!
10/30/09 Passages 2-3 for Socratic seminar.
10/29/09 DLW page 46.  Socratic Seminar Instructions.  Passage 1 for Socratic seminar.
10/27, 28/09 Return Oedipus and check out Hamlet at the text book room.  DLW page 44.  Read "Ellie Nesler: heroine or Hardened Vigilante?"  Journal: what is the author's central argument?  Review diction, denotation, connotation, and tone.  Choose three charged words from the text.  Write the denotative and connotative meanings based on the context.  Rewrite the sentence using a different word and explain how it changes the tone of the passage or sentence. 
10/26/09 Read “No Justice in Vigilantism.”  Finish rhetorical devices and strategies.  Discuss the author's purpose.  Fill out Summary of informational text for the article.  DLW page 44 & 46. 
Happy Halloween! 
10/23/09 Read “No Justice in Vigilantism”  for rhetorical devices and strategies.
10/22/09 Journal:  Watch the Joe Horn Video.  Write about his decision.  Did he do the right thing?  Did the news clip report a balanced view of the case?  Distribute graphic organizer for the article.  Read "No Justice in Vigilantism” for vocabulary.  Summarize the content. 
10/21/09 DLW page 42.  Finish second reading of "Vigilante Justice 'breeds' Anarchy."   Distribute “No Justice in Vigilantism” by Alan Dershowitz.  Read Alan Dershowitz's brief biography. 
10/20/09 Journal: political cartoon analysis.  Describe the cartoon, explain the artist's central argument and how he accomplishes it.  DLW page 40.  Second reading and analysis of "Vigilante Justice 'breeds' Anarchy."  Read for the claim and argument.
10/19/09 Finish the "Vigilante Justice 'Breeds' Anarchy" summary of informational text.  Distribute Rhetorical Devices and Strategies DLW page 40 & 42.  
Break Down the Walls Week.  No Block Periods.  Every day is a 6 period day!
10/16/09 Read "Vigilante Justice 'Breeds' Anarchy."  Fill out the Summary of Informational Text graphic organizer (individually, with a partner, with a group, with the class.) 
10/15/09 Period 5 block day.  See activities for 10/13.
10/14/09 Short period.  DLW page 36 & 38.
10/13/09 Period 4 block day.  DLW page 36 & 38.  Read Ethos, Pathos, Logos Article.  Discuss the three methods of appeal in small groups and share journal from 10/12.  Analyze persuasive experiences and discuss methods of appeal.  Journal:  Is it ever acceptable to break the law?  Explain your answer.  If yes, under what circumstances?  If no, why not?  Silently read "Vigilante Justice 'Breeds' Anarchy"  
10/12/09 Discuss Personal Reflective Narrative essays and the rewriting instructions.  DLW.  Journal:  Write about a time in which you tried to persuade someone of something.  Were you successful? What techniques did you use in your attempt? Why or why not?  Or Write about a time someone talked you into something you first didn’t want to do or think.  How did they do it?
Return the book Theban Plays and check out the play Hamlet. 
10/9/09 Oedipus Quiz.  Finish Oedipus paragraph.
10/8/09 DLW page 34.  Journal:  Write an AXES paragraph answering, " what is Oedipus' Tragic Flaw?"  Pre-write and discuss prompt in class.
10/6, 7/09 Journal: Summarize Friday's reading of the play in a 5-7 sentence paragraph.  DLW page 32.  Oedipus Theme Activity in groups and discuss as a class.  Oedipus tragic flaw AXES paragraph.  Oedipus quiz on Friday, 10/9.
10/5/09 Journal: Summarize Friday's reading of the play in a 5-7 sentence paragraph.  Continue reading Oedipus, pages 49-58.  Homework: Do DLW page 32 & 34 and finish the play Oedipus-read to page 68.  
Progress Reports are mailed out this week.  Register for Student/Parent Portal for on-line grade book access!
10/2/09 Journal: Summarize yesterdays reading of the play in a 5-7 sentence paragraph.  Continue reading Oedipus, pages 38 to 49.
10/1/09 Journal:  write about a problem where a group (community or family) got together to help the situation, for example the Big Give or the Make a Wish event last year.  DLW page 30.  Continue reading Oedipus, pages 25-38.
9/29, 30/09 DLW page 28.  Greek Drama & Oedipus Overview.  Begin reading the play Oedipus, page 23-24--the Introduction. 
9/28/09 Grade & review rhetorical devices quiz.  Finish Beowulf Journal.  SSR & Free writing when finished.  Bring Theban plays tomorrow.  
Happy October!
9/25/09 Last day to turn in the personal reflective narrative.  Watch short Beowulf video and read selection from the epic poem.  
9/24/09 DLW page 22.  Writing time: finish expository paragraph for the flood stories.  Beowulf introduction.  
9/22, 23/09 Early turn in for the personal reflective narrative.  Journal: free writing & SSR.  DLW page 20.  Small group and class discussion of  Gilgamesh & Genesis.  Do 5 questions and ven diagram in groups.  Discuss universal themes in literature.  Review the AXES paragraph format and assign writing prompt for the expository paragraph.  Rhetorical devices quiz.
9/21/09 Writer's workshop:  In small groups, read your essay and provide feedback and constructive criticism. 
Back to school night is this Wednesday!
9/18/09 Draft due today.    Read the flood story according to Gilgamesh & Genesis.
9/17/09 Review DLW page 18.  Flood Stories introduction.  Last in class writing day for the personal reflective narrative.  SSR if finished. 
9/15, 16/09 Review DLW page 16.  DLW page 18 is due Thursday.  Watch & discuss introduction to Ancient Literature CD-ROM and complete question guide.  Brainstorm & ;pre-write, and work on the first draft of your personal reflective narrative.  SSR when finished.
9/14/09 Pick up writing portfolios from your junior English teacher.  DLW page 16, due block day.  Begin pre-writing for the Personal Reflective Narrative. 
Back to school night is this Wednesday!
9/11/09 SSR & Journal.  Personal Reflective Narrative Prompt  & Rubric distributed and explained.  Begin reading and examining student examples of the UC personal statement.  We will pre-write and write drafts in class next week.
9/10/09 SSR & Journal: write about a school activity or project that you enjoyed doing or experienced success.  Review homework:  DLW page 10.  Read "Like a Girl" page 153.  Complete analysis sheet and do question questions 1 & 4 on page 155.
9/8, 9/09 SSR & Journal:  Describe a place that means a lot to you.  In addition to the location, use as much descriptive detail as you can to paint a picture of it with words.  DLW page 8.  Homework:  DLW page 10.  Discuss Figurative Language, Tone & Diction in "He Knew."  "That morning on the Prairie," by James C. Schaap page 172; and "The Stream in the Ravine," by Nicole Suurdt page 168.  In small groups, discuss and work through the analysis sheet sheet for the three pieces of writing.  Do question #4 on page 169 & question #1 page 173.  
Happy Labor Day!  No School Monday, 9/7.
9/4/09 SSR & free writing.  Read & annotate "He Knew," by Rosie Reid. 
9/3/09 SSR & Journal:  write about an influential person in your life. (7-10 sentence paragraph)  DLW page 6.  finish analysis of the four This I Believe essays from yesterday.  Read and discuss "A Vision Beyond Time and Place"  Focus on description & imagery.  DLW page 6.
9/1, 2/09 Journal: Write about an obstacle you've had to overcome or a challenge you've had to face.  Describe or narrate it.  How did you deal with it?  Review rhetorical strategies.  Read "This I believe essay: Jazz is the Sound of God Laughing."  Essay Analysis as a class.  Read four more essays: #1   #2   #3   #4.   Essay analysis in small groups.  Review class outline.  Discuss grammar plan for the year.   DLW page 4.
8/31/09 Journal: Describe the musical style that you listen to the most.  What artists influence or inspire you the most? (7-10 sentence paragraph)   Finish discussing "Black Guy, White Music."
The countdown to graduation begins!
8/28/09 Bring syllabus to class today.  Finish discussion from "Of Dogs and Men."  Journal: Describe the musical style that you listen to the most.  What artists influence or inspire you the most? (7-10 sentence paragraph)   Read and discuss "Black Guy, White Music."
8/27/09 Journal: Write about an experience with an animal. What was your relationship to the animal? Your pet, someone else’s pet, or maybe an animal at the zoo. What was unique about this animal? Was it a mean animal? Did it do funny things? Describe it in detail. (7-10 sentence paragraph)  Notes on the reflective personal narrative.  Read the article "Of Dogs and Men."  In small groups, define unknown words in the article & underline reflective statements.
8/26/09 SSR & free writing.  Review Analysis & Interpretation definitions.  Play the Analysis & Interpretation Art Game.
8/25/09 Notes on the Personal Reflective Narrative.  Rhetorical Devices pre-test.  Read "Here's Herbie."  Reflective Personal Narrative Terms
8/24/09 Class introduction.  Bring a book of choice to read and a spiral notebook by Wednesday.  Journal: Make a list of every book you've ever read.  Write a paragraph about the most memorable or favorite book on your list. (7-10 sentence paragraph)